The court said it would analyze whether the practice known as "triple talaq" was principal to the religion.
India is one of a modest bunch of nations on the planet where a Muslim man can separate his better half in minutes by saying the word talaq (separate) three times.
Be that as it may, activists say the practice is "biased".
Numerous Muslim gatherings have contradicted the court's intercession in their religious matters, in spite of the fact that the move has the sponsorship of the present Indian legislature of Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
The delicate issue is being heard by a multi-confidence seat comprised of five judges - a Hindu, a Sikh, a Christian, a Zoroastrian and one Muslim.
The seat has consolidated a few petitions from Muslim ladies and rights bunches into one to analyze the issue.
The contradicting sides have been given three days each to contend their cases, with the court saying the hearing will end by 19 May.
A judgment is relied upon to be conveyed in the coming weeks.
Examination: Geeta Pandey, BBC News, Delhi
The Indian government has told the court that triple talaq is unlawful, against sexual orientation equity and the respect of ladies.
Muslim associations that bolster the practice say it's an issue of confidence and individual law, and the courts have no part in exploring it.
Throughout recent years, Muslim ladies in India have been requesting a restriction on a practice they see as indefensible.
Campaigners say throughout the years, a large number of ladies, particularly those from poor families, have been disposed of by their spouses, many have been rendered down and out with no place to go and many have been compelled to come back to their parental homes or battle for themselves.
India's Muslim ladies battle against moment separate
'Talaq'- The word that 'demolishes lives'
Muslims are India's biggest minority group with a populace of 155 million and their relational unions and separations are administered by the Muslim individual law, apparently in light of Sharia, or Islamic law.
The law came into constrain in 1937 and lays out that, in matters of individual debate, the state might not meddle
Shayara Bano, one of the candidates testing the questionable triple talaq, addressed the BBC a year ago.
The 35-year-old mother of two was going to her folks' home in the northern condition of Uttarakhand for restorative treatment in October 2015 when she got a letter from her better half revealing to her that he was separating her.
Her endeavors to contact her better half of 15 years, who lives in the city of Allahabad, have been unsuccessful.
"He's turned off his telephone, I have no chance to get of connecting with him," she told the BBC over telephone from her home in the northern condition of Uttarakhand. "I'm concerned about my kids, their lives are getting destroyed."
In February a year ago, she recorded a request of in the Supreme Court, requesting a prohibition on triple talaq which, she says, enables Muslim men to treat their spouses like "belongings".
Despite the fact that it has been drilled for a considerable length of time, the one-sided moment "triple talaq" separate finds no specify in Sharia or the Koran.
Islamic researchers say the Koran unmistakably illuminates how to issue a separation - it must be spread more than three months which permits a couple time for reflection and compromise.
Activists say most Islamic nations, including Pakistan and Bangladesh, have prohibited triple talaq, yet it flourishes in India.
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